One of the less ingenious (hence most useful) methods for solving problems is to try every possible solution, then pick the best one. Where solutions require cleverness, problem solving methods require simple principles. Unfortunately, most problems cannot be solved this brute-force way. For instance, some permutations of “how do I disarm this bomb” obviate future possibilities by destroying the problem. In other cases, a less than optimal solution provides enough benefit to move forward and abandon the search altogether. Halfway through “how do I get through this door” you might have kicked your foot through it. At this point, it would be stupid to try unlocking, as it’s already open. Lastly, some problems have so many possible solutions that it is statistically impossible to try them all. These are the most fun problems for computer scientists.
Human progress, as far as my limited mind can tell, depends on two things: permutations and feedback. We’re intelligent beings, but we’re far too stupid to see into the future. We don’t see the immediate ramifications of our actions clearly, so we certainly have no chance of seeing long term consequences. Yet despite these limitations, progress is visible (though along a tremendously jagged line). A minority of humans live in relative security and comfort where none had such luxuries before. In some ways, this is a Good Thing™.
Thus, the question of “how did we do it” transforms into “how can we do it better” and becomes a meta-problem of sorts: the problem of how to more efficiently solve our problems. This meta-problem has far less possible solutions than the combined possibilities of what it seeks to encompass and has potentially farther reaching consequences, making it easier and more important (and also more likely to have no answer). Win.
Back to permutations and feedback: try and test. The “velocity” at which we can run through permutations depends on the solutions themselves, but more importantly how quickly we can ascertain how optimal they are. If we give up on suggesting that humans can more intelligently make decisions by wallowing over their details (which seems more and more likely to be false), then it’s not implausible to suggest that this velocity can be directly related to progress.
The “volume” of feedback (compared to a pipe) depends on this “velocity” and its cross-sectional area: the number of permutations we can get through simultaneously. We can wait for one country to trample through three governments, or we can take a overview of three countries at the present time (and get more accurate results if time period has any factor on the success of a government).
But… we don’t live in a lab. A lot of these aspects we cannot control. The number of countries is not going to jump to infinity to suit our desire to have the best (and to offer it to the infinitesimal fraction of people living it that one, blessed country), nor are trees going to grow faster to allow us to develop better plant feed. Generalities are all we can offer, and generalities are all we have and can need. Waiting for the best solution to fall on our heads is not a solution. Oftentimes it takes wet feet to make your first steps.
The best heuristics we have for solving our biggest problems depend on feedback through transparency, accountability, and frequency as well as permutations in variety, uniqueness, and humility. The intrepid problem solver must work quickly and leave no stone unturned, even for the best of reasons. And the guinea pigs must be callous to the continual toe crunching (sorry kids). Preconceptions, foggy judgments, and a reactionary test body (read: public) are the enemy of the optimal just as much as limited imagination, invalid judgements, and an apathetic subject. Similarly, the quickest way to become obselete as a human is to solidify your worldview.
The applications of simple principles universally would result in a drastic change in how we humans live our lives…which is why it will never happen.